Design of a low-tech water wheel for electricity production in remote areas

Details

Supervisors

Jeanmart, Hervé ; Parmentier, Nicolas

Faculty

Ecole polytechnique de Louvain

Degree label

Master [120] : ingénieur civil en génie de l'énergie , à finalité spécialisée

Abstract

enIn the context of the urgent energy transition and the high potential of low-head hydropower sites, this thesis explores the potential of using a low-tech water wheel to generate electricity in remote areas. These systems offer a promising solution for decentralized energy production, particularly in locations with limited access to industrial infrastructure. The study adheres to the low-tech philosophy by prioritizing usefulness, sustainability, and accessibility. After a review of historical designs, the Zuppinger wheel was selected for its efficiency and adaptability to low-head conditions. A detailed design was created following W. Müller’s guidelines and evaluated through 2D CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent. Both curved and straight blade geometries were tested. Although curved blades provided slightly better hydraulic performance, straight blades were favored for their simpler and more accessible construction. The mechanical-to-electrical conversion system was also analyzed, comparing permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), wound rotor synchronous generators (WRSG), and asynchronous generators, alongside transmission methods like belt drives and gearboxes. A configuration combining a PMSG with belt transmission and power electronics was identified as the most efficient and compatible with low-tech constraints. A case study at the Les Avins site showed that the system could meet around half of the annual energy needs for local water pumping. While the electrical subsystem presents some challenges with regard to low-tech ideals, the overall solution demonstrates strong feasibility. With thoughtful design choices, water wheels can provide a viable and sustainable energy source for isolated communities.